The first step in beginning your search is to develop a search strategy. Once you have a question or topic in mind, try to identify the major concepts and key ideas.
Remember that PubMed is best for finding information for specific, focused questions and topics. Background or factual questions (i.e., how is diabetes treated?) are best answered through textbooks, point-of-care tools, and other similar reference resources. If you're unsure if your question is specific enough, you should have at least two or three concepts identified from your topic.
To learn more about planning your search, read the following sections:
Concept tables can be a useful method for identifying main ideas.
The table below shows how, for each concept we identify, many synonyms, acronyms, and other like-phrases can be used as possible search terms. To construct a thorough search, it's important to think of all the possible ways someone might have expressed an idea in writing. Then, choosing which search terms to use in PubMed will be easier.
| E-cigarettes | Smoking Cessation | COPD |
|---|---|---|
|
e-cigarette e-cigarettes electronic cigarette electronic cigarettes e-cig e-cigs |
smoking cessation quit smoking quitting smoking stop smoking stopping smoking give up smoking |
COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COAD chronic obstructive airway disease chronic obstructive lung disease chronic airflow obstruction chronic airflow obstructions |
PICO is a framework that helps identify concepts from a focused clinical question.
NOTE: Not every PICO will have a comparison.
Example Question
In adults with posttraumatic stress disorder, is yoga more effective than resistance training in reducing PTSD symptoms?
Once you have identified your main concepts and have some search terms in mind, it's a good time to begin thinking about how to connect these terms together for the search query. Use the boolean operators: AND, OR, and NOT.
Use AND to connect dissimilar terms to find the overlap between two concepts. This narrows our results.
Example: children AND sugar tax AND obesity
Use OR to connect synonyms and other similar words together. This tells the database to retrieve any of the words, thus increasing the number of results.
Example: obese OR obesity OR overweight OR BMI OR body mass index
Use NOT to exclude a term from search results. However, use this boolean operator carefully and sparingly, as you might accidentally exclude relevant articles that still might mention that word.
Example: children NOT adults
Here's how you would construct a search with three different concepts using boolean operators. Group the synonyms together using OR, then use AND to find the overlap between these topics.
(e-cigarettes OR electronic cigarettes) AND (smoking cessation OR quit smoking) AND (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease OR copd)
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